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L3: Grammar & Particles
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The polite ます-form is your daily-driver verb conjugation — it signals politeness and is what you'll hear constantly.
Verb groups:
- Group 2 (iru/eru-verbs): drop る, add ます → たべる→たべます, みる→みます
- Group 1 (u-verbs): shift final kana to the 'i' row + ます → のむ→のみます, かう→かいます
- Irregulars: する→します, くる→きます (only two!)
- Watch out: a short list of u-verb exceptions LOOK iru/eru but aren't — かえる (to return) → かえります
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Particle を (direct object)
Marks the direct object of a verb. コーヒーをのみます。= I drink coffee. おんがくをききます。= I listen to music.
Particle で (place of action)
Marks where an action takes place. カフェでコーヒーをのみます。= I drink coffee at a cafe. Don't confuse with に.
Particle に (goal of movement)
Marks destination with movement verbs. がっこうにいきます。= I go to school. Also: うちにかえります。
Particle へ (direction)
Read as 'e'. Interchangeable with に for direction. がっこうへいきます。= I go to school. Slightly softer/vaguer than に.
Particle に (time)
Marks specific time of event. にちようびにいきます。Use with specific times/days. Do NOT use with relative words like きょう, あした, まいにち.
に with time: when to use/not use
USE に: days of week (にちようびに), specific hours (さんじに), dates. DON'T use に: きょう, あした, まいにち, こんばん, しゅうまつ.
Invitation: ~ませんか
Verb (negative masu) + か = 'Won't you...?' / 'Shall we...?'. えいがをみませんか。= Won't you watch a movie (with me)?
Frequency adverbs
よく (often) > ときどき (sometimes) > あまり + neg (not much) > ぜんぜん + neg (not at all). Place before the verb.
コーヒー__のみます。(I drink coffee.)
を
カフェ__べんきょうします。(I study at a cafe.)
で
がっこう__いきます。(I go to school.)
に
どようび__えいがをみます。(I watch a movie on Saturday.)
に
わたしはコーヒーを____のみません。(I don't drink coffee much.)
あまり
I usually eat breakfast at home.
たいていうちであさごはんをたべます。
Shall we go to a cafe on Saturday?
どようびにカフェにいきませんか。
I don't watch TV at all.
ぜんぜんテレビをみません。
I sometimes listen to music at school.
ときどきがっこうでおんがくをききます。
What time do you get up every day?
まいにちなんじにおきますか。